A kidney transplant is a surgical procedure that’s done to treat kidney failure. The kidneys filter waste from the blood and remove it from the body through your urine. They also help maintain your body’s fluid and electrolyte balance. If your kidneys stop working, waste builds up in your body and can make you very sick.

People whose kidneys have failed usually undergo a treatment called dialysis. This treatment mechanically filters waste that builds up in the bloodstream when the kidneys stop working.

Some people whose kidneys have failed may qualify for a kidney transplant. In this procedure, one or both kidneys are replaced with donor kidneys from a live or deceased person.

Undergoing dialysis takes time and is labor-intensive. Dialysis often requires making frequent trips to a dialysis center to receive treatment. At the dialysis center, your blood is cleansed using a dialysis machine.

During a kidney transplant, your surgeon will take a donated kidney and place it in your body. Even though you’re born with two kidneys, you can lead a healthy life with only one functioning kidney. After the transplant, you’ll have to take immune-suppressing medications to keep your immune system from attacking the new organ.

A kidney transplant may be an option if your kidneys have stopped working entirely. This condition is called end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). If you reach this point, your doctor is likely to recommend dialysis.

In addition to putting you on dialysis, your doctor will tell you if they think you’re a good candidate for a kidney transplant.

You’ll need to be healthy enough to have major surgery and tolerate a strict, lifelong medication regimen after surgery to be a good candidate for a transplant. You must also be willing and able to follow all instructions from your doctor and take your medications regularly.

During your evaluation for a transplant, you’ll have blood tests to determine your blood type (A, B, AB, or O) and your human leukocyte antigen (HLA). HLA is a group of antigens located on the surface of your white blood cells. Antigens are responsible for your body’s immune response.

If your HLA type matches the donor’s HLA type, it’s more likely that your body won’t reject the kidney. Each person has six antigens, three from each biological parent. The more antigens you have that match those of the donor, the greater the chance of a successful transplant.

Once a potential donor is identified, you’ll need another test to make sure that your antibodies won’t attack the donor’s organ. This is done by mixing a small amount of your blood with the donor’s blood.

The transplant can’t be done if your blood forms antibodies in response to the donor’s blood.

If your blood shows no antibody reaction, you have what’s called a “negative crossmatch.” This means that the transplant can proceed.

Once you arrive at the transplant center, you’ll need to give a sample of your blood for the antibody test. You’ll be cleared for surgery if the result is a negative crossmatch.

A kidney transplant is done under general anesthesia. This involves giving you a medication that puts you to sleep during the surgery. The anesthetic will be injected into your body through an intravenous (IV) line in your hand or arm.

Once you’re asleep, your doctor makes an incision in your abdomen and places the donor kidney inside. They then connect the arteries and veins from the kidney to your arteries and veins. This will cause blood to start flowing through the new kidney.

Your doctor will also attach the new kidney’s ureter to your bladder so that you’re able to urinate normally. The ureter is the tube that connects your kidney to your bladder.

You’ll wake up in a recovery room. Hospital staff will monitor your vital signs until they’re sure you’re awake and stable. Then, they’ll transfer you to a hospital room.

Your new kidney may start to clear waste from the body immediately, or it may take up to a few weeks before it starts functioning. Kidneys donated by family members usually start working more quickly than those from unrelated or deceased donors.

You can expect a good deal of pain and soreness near the incision site while you’re first healing. While you’re in the hospital, your doctors will monitor you for complications. They’ll also put you on a strict schedule of immunosuppressant drugs to stop your body from rejecting the new kidney. You’ll need to take these drugs every day to prevent your body from rejecting the donor kidney.

Once you’re discharged, you’ll need to keep regular appointments with your transplant team so that they can evaluate how well your new kidney is functioning.

You’ll need to take your immunosuppressant drugs as directed. Your doctor will also prescribe additional drugs to reduce the risk of infection. Finally, you’ll need to monitor yourself for warning signs that your body has rejected the kidney. These include pain, swelling, and flu-like symptoms.

You’ll need to follow up regularly with your doctor for the first one to two months after surgery. Your recovery may take about six months.